NEMATOCYSTS: The Ultimate Biological Weapons
By Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D.
CORAL Magazine, Volume 11:1, January/February 2014
Brinkmann, M., D. Oliver, and U. Thurm. 1996. Mechanoelectric transduction in nematocytes of a hydropolyp (Corynidae). J Comp Physiol 178A: 125–38.
Cartwright, P., et al. 2007. Exceptionally Preserved Jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian. PLoS ONE 2 (10): e1121. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001121.
Changkeun Kang, et al. 2009. Cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity of jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) venom. Comp Biochem Physiol, Part C 150: 85–90. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.03.003.
Engel, U., et al. 2001. A switch in disulfide linkage during minicollagen assembly in Hydra nematocysts. EMBO J 20: 3063–73.
Fautin, D. 2009. Structural diversity, systematics, and evolution of cnidae. Toxicon 54: 1054–64. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.024.
Fautin, D.G., and R.N. Mariscal. 1991. Cnidaria: Anthozoa. In: F.W. Harrison and J.A. Westfall (eds), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 2, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 267–358.
Fix, M., et al. 2004. Imaging single membrane fusion events mediated by SNARE proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7311–16.
Gregor Anderluh and Peter Maček. 2002. Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Toxicon 40: 111–24.
Holstein, T., and P. Tardent. 1984. An ultrahigh-speed analysis of exocytosis:
nematocyst discharge. Science 223: 830–33.
Holstein, T.W., et al. 1994. Fibrous mini-collagens in Hydra nematocysts. Science 265: 402–4.
Kurz, E.M., et al. 1991. Mini-collagens in Hydra nematocytes. J Cell Biol 115: 1159–69.
Mariscal, R.N. 1974. Nematocysts. In: L. Muscatine and H.M. Lenhoff (eds), Coelenterate Biology: Reviews and New Perspectives. Academic Press, New York and other cities, pp. 129–78.
———. 1984. In: J. Bereiter-Hahn, A.G. Matoltsy, K.S. Richards (eds), Biology of the Integument. Cnidaria: cnidae, Vol. 1. Invertebrates. Springer, Berlin and other cities, pp. 57–68.
Mariscal, R.N., E.J. Conklin, and C.H. Bigger. 1977. The ptychocyst, a major new category of cnida used in tube construction by a cerianthid anemone. Biol Bull 152: 392–405.
Mariscal, R.N. and R.B. McLean. 1976. The form and function of cnidarian spirocysts 2. Ultrastructure of the capsule tip and wall and mechanism of discharge. Cell Tiss Res 169: 313–21.
Möbius, K. 1866. Über den Bau, den Mechanismus und die Entwicklung der Nesselkapseln einiger Polypen und Quallen. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften Hamburg 5 (1): 1–22.
Nüchter, T., et al. 2006. Nanosecond-scale kinetics of nematocyst discharge. Curr Biol 16 (9): R316–18, 9 May 2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.089.
Schmidt, H. 1974. On evolution in the Anthozoa. Proc 2nd Int Coral Reef Symp 1: 533–60.
Szczepanek, S., M. Cikala, and C.N. David. 2002. Poly-gamma-glutamate synthesis during formation of nematocyst capsules in Hydra. J Cell Sci 115: 745–51.
Weber, J. 1989. Nematocysts (stinging capsules of Cnidaria) as Donnan-potential dominated osmotic systems. J Biol Chem 265: 9664–9.
Weber, J., M. Klug, and P. Tardent. 1987. Some physical and chemical properties of purified nematocysts of Hydra attenuata Pall. (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Comp Biochem Physiol 88B: 855–62.
Yasuda, T. 2004. On the unusual occurrence of the giant medusa Nemopilema nomurai in Japanese waters. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 70: 380–86.
AFAIC thta’s the best answer so far!